Why Diversification Changes the Question
Map return uncertainty, build a portfolio constellation, and see which shocks diversification can—and cannot—soften.
Separate company-specific risk from market risk and explain why a diversified price-setting investor changes the risk question.
Expected return summarizes possible outcomes; variance describes how widely those possible returns spread around the expectation.
Map return uncertainty
A return that could occur under one future scenario.
The probability-weighted average of the possible returns.
A measure of how widely possible returns spread around the expectation.
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Investment Foundations
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Source-authentic claims follow Damodaran's 38-webcast Investment Philosophies course, Session 3 of 38: Understanding Risk II — The risk in stocks. All 18 slides, the complete official caption track, and the test and solutions were audited. OPS corrects the source's false Chinese-character etymology, uses the slide's weekly regression frequency, and rewrites two defective assessment items. The Northstar and scholarship-fund interactions are original OPS pedagogy; no live market data.